On December 23, 1947, at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, three scientists - Dr. Bardeen, Dr. Brighton and Dr. Shockley were nervously and methodically doing experiments. They are conducting experiments to amplify sound signals with semiconductor crystals in conductor circuits. The three scientists were surprised to find that a small amount of current flowing through the device they invented could control a much larger current flowing in another part, thus producing an amplification effect. This device is an epoch-making achievement in the history of science and technology - the transistor. Because it was invented on the eve of Christmas and has such a huge impact on people's future lives, it is called "Christmas gift to the world". The three scientists thus jointly won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
[2] The new study found that a layer of corresponding material is deposited outside the substrate at the electron outflow end of the transistor to form a semiconductor cooling PN structure, because the electron energy level of the N material is low, and the electron energy level of the P material is high. As it flows, heat needs to be drawn from the substrate, which provides a good way to dissipate heat from the transistor core. Because the heat taken away will be proportional to the magnitude of the current, the industry also calls this "electronic blood" cooling technology vividly. Depending on where the new material is added, the new cooling transistors are called N-PNP or NPN-P, respectively.
The transistor brought and facilitated the "solid-state revolution", which in turn drove the semiconductor electronics industry worldwide. As a main component, it was firstly applied in communication tools in a timely and universal manner, and produced huge economic benefits. Because transistors revolutionized the structure of electronic circuits, integrated circuits and large-scale integrated circuits came into being, making it possible to manufacture high-precision devices such as high-speed electronic computers.